Glossary

AML (Anti-Money Laundering) is the set of rules and procedures designed to prevent and counter the laundering of illicit money.

AMMs (Automated Market Makers) are smart contracts that facilitate the exchange of crypto-assets on decentralised exchanges (DEX).

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) streamline the development of applications and web services by integrating functionalities.

APR (Annual Percentage Rate) represents the annual percentage rate of an asset, calculated without taking compounding into account.

APY (Annual Percentage Yield) is the annual percentage rate that takes into account the compounding of the amounts accrued.

An ASIC is an integrated circuit designed to perform a single, specific function, such as mining certain crypto-assets.

ATH and ATL, respectively, indicate the highest (All-Time High) and lowest (All-Time Low) prices ever recorded by a crypto-asset.

In the Ethereum blockchain, the Account Model represents user accounts with associated wallet addresses, forming the decentralised ledger.

An aggregator brings together services and data from multiple crypto-asset platforms, including DeFi protocols, into a single interface.

Altcoin refers to any crypto-asset other than Bitcoin; the term comes from the words "alternative coin", meaning an alternative to Bitcoin.

An algorithm is a set of procedures or rules designed to perform specific tasks or solve problems integral to software development.

Altcoins are cryptocurrencies launched after Bitcoin, offering alternative blockchain-based solutions and functionalities.

Arbitrage is a strategy that exploits price differences in the same asset across markets to capture a margin.

An Audit in software development is a thorough review process to ensure the correct and secure functioning of the software.

The Average True Range (ATR) is a technical analysis indicator that measures an asset's volatility over a given period.

A Bear Market is a phase in the market characterized by declining asset prices and typically reflecting widespread pessimism.

A bear trap is a false bearish signal: a downward move that quickly reverses, contradicting the expectation of a further fall.

A Benchmark is a standard or point of reference against which the performance of a financial instrument or market can be measured.

Bid and ask are the prices at which a buyer is willing to buy and a seller is willing to sell an asset.

Bitcoin is the first decentralised crypto-asset, created in 2009, based on a public blockchain and on the Proof-of-Work mechanism.

Bitcoin Dominance is the share of the total crypto-asset market capitalisation represented by Bitcoin, expressed as a percentage.

A Black Swan Event is unpredictable with potentially severe consequences, often radically changing the status quo.

A Block is a collection of encrypted transactions, which, linked with other blocks, forms the entire structure of a blockchain.

Block Height refers to the total number of blocks in a blockchain, counted from the genesis block to the most recent block.

Blockchain technology, based on cryptography, enables the decentralized and uncensored execution of transactions across various sectors.

Blockchain Explorer is a software tool that enables users to view all transactions and exchanged data on a specific blockchain.

Bonding is the mechanism by which a protocol acquires liquidity or assets by offering its own tokens in exchange, often at a discount.

Bonds are debt securities through which an issuer raises capital, committing to repay it together with a form of remuneration.

The Break-even point is the financial state where total revenues equal total expenses, indicating neither profit nor loss.

A breakout is the clear move of a price beyond a support or resistance level previously identified through technical analysis.

A Bridge in blockchain technology enables the transfer and interaction of assets across diverse blockchain platforms.

A Bull Market is a period where prices consistently rise, often driven by investor confidence and economic optimism.

A bull run is a prolonged phase of rising prices in a market, characterised by a predominantly positive sentiment among participants.

A bull trap is a false bullish signal: an upward move that quickly reverses, contradicting the expectation of further growth.

Buy wall and sell wall are large buy or sell orders concentrated at a given price level within the order book of a market.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the principal measure used to track inflation, reflecting the average price change over time.

Capital refers to funds or assets for investment or economic activities crucial for business growth and development.

A capital gain is the profit realised when an asset is sold at a price higher than the price originally paid to acquire it.

Cashback is a reward program where a portion of the amount spent on a transaction is returned to the spender.

CeFi (Centralised Finance) refers to crypto-asset services provided by centralised operators acting as intermediaries between users.

The Central Bank sits atop the banking hierarchy, working with the government to regulate monetary policy and currency issuance.

Circulating Supply refers to the number of cryptocurrency tokens or coins actively available for trading in the market.

A coin is a crypto-asset native to its own blockchain, such as Bitcoin or Ether, as distinct from a token issued on another network.

Coin burning is the permanent removal of a quantity of crypto-assets by sending them to an address from which they cannot be recovered.

Cold staking allows you to participate in staking while keeping crypto-assets offline rather than connected online.

A cold wallet is a wallet for crypto-assets that keeps the keys offline, without an internet connection, reducing online exposure.

Commercial Banks cater to individuals and small businesses, offering deposit accounts, loans, and other traditional banking services.

A Consensus Mechanism is a decentralised method for validating transactions on a blockchain, crucial for maintaining network integrity.

Crowdfunding is an online method of raising funds, allowing broad participation from various individuals or groups.

Crypto lending is the lending of crypto-assets to third parties in exchange for variable rewards that depend on the protocol.

A cryptocurrency is a crypto-asset that uses cryptography and a blockchain to record and validate transactions in a decentralised way.

Cryptography is the discipline that protects information by making it readable only to those who hold the correct decryption key.

A Custodial wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet where third parties maintain custody of the owner's private keys.

Custody is the safekeeping and management of the keys that control crypto-assets by the user or by a third party.

A DAO is a decentralised autonomous organisation, managed through smart contracts and rules voted on by its participants.

A DApp is a decentralised application that runs on a blockchain via smart contracts, without relying on a central server.

A Decentralized Exchange (DEX) facilitates cryptocurrency trading without intermediaries, directly utilising blockchain technology.

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) are based on a decentralised and immutable ledger of transactions, shared across a network.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical structure that maps domain names to their corresponding IP addresses on the internet.

Do Your Own Research (DYOR) emphasizes the importance of independent research and not solely relying on a single information source.

A Database is a systematically organised collection of data, stored and accessed electronically, used across various industries.

DeFi (decentralised finance) is the set of financial services that operate through smart contracts, without central intermediaries.

A system is called Decentralised when it is governed by consensus among participants without a central authority or hierarchy.

A default is a debtor's failure to meet the payment obligations arising from a debt or a financial instrument such as a bond.

A deficit is the situation in which, over a given period, outflows exceed inflows, resulting in a negative balance or shortfall.

Delegated Proof-of-Stake is a system where stakeholders transfer their staking power to trusted validators who maintain the network.

Delisting is the removal of a cryptocurrency from an exchange's offerings, often due to non-compliance or poor performance.

Diversification is the allocation of capital across multiple assets or categories to reduce risk exposure.

A dividend is the share of profits that a company distributes to its shareholders, in cash or in the form of new shares.

A Denial of Service (DoS) is a cyber attack aimed at making a network or service unavailable, disrupting normal operations.

Double Spending is a risk in digital payment systems, where the same amount might be fraudulently spent twice without proper safeguards.

Dovish describes an accommodative monetary policy stance, favouring low interest rates to support the economy.

Drawdown is a financial indicator measuring the decline from an asset's peak to its lowest point over a specified period, reflecting risk.

ERC-20 is a token standard on Ethereum, allowing many projects to create and launch their own cryptocurrencies on its platform.

An ETF is a passively managed, exchange-traded fund that replicates the performance of an index, an asset or a basket of assets.

Exchanges provide services for buying and selling digital assets, operating on market-driven prices and facilitating cryptocurrency trade.

Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO) in trading and cryptocurrency contexts refers to the anxiety of missing profitable opportunities.

FUD (Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt) describes a general sense of negativity or pessimism in the market, potentially affecting prices.

A fakeout is a false breakout signal: the price breaches a key level but quickly returns, contradicting the expected move.

Fan Tokens are specialised utility tokens that enable sports teams to engage and interact with their fan base.

A Fee is a charge incurred for executing financial transactions, often seen in trading, banking, and service provisions.

Fiat Currency is government-issued legal tender, not backed by physical commodities, serving as the standard medium of exchange.

FinTech combines finance and technology, where companies innovate in financial services using advanced technological solutions.

A Financial Bubble is an economic cycle characterised by the rapid escalation of asset prices beyond their intrinsic values.

A financial instrument is a contract that grants financial rights, such as shares, bonds or derivative products, to its holder.

A financial market is the context, physical or virtual, in which buyers and sellers exchange financial instruments and assets.

The Floor price is the lowest price at which an asset, such as an NFT or stock, is currently available for purchase on the market.

The Forex (Foreign Exchange) Market is a global platform for trading fiat currencies, operating 24/7 with high liquidity.

Fungibility is the characteristic of assets that are interchangeable and divisible into smaller units for ease of exchange.

A futures is a derivative contract in which two parties agree to buy or sell an asset at a preset price on a future date.

The Genesis Block, often called Block 0, is the inaugural block of a blockchain, serving as the foundation of the entire chain.

The Golden Cross, a key trading term, denotes the crossing of two moving averages. Learn how it can guide trading strategies on assets.

In cryptocurrency, Governance refers to the systems and rules guiding the operation and decision-making of projects and blockchains.

Halving refers to the event where the reward given to miners for producing blocks on the Bitcoin blockchain is cut in half.

A Hard Fork represents a significant split in a blockchain due to protocol incompatibilities between new and existing versions.

A Hash is a cryptographic function uniquely identifying each blockchain block, ensuring data integrity and security.

Hawkish monetary policies involve raising interest rates to combat inflation, prioritising monetary stability and economic control.

A Hot Wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet that remains connected to the internet, offering easy access and management of digital assets.

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) manages the global domain name system and IP address allocation.

An ICO (Initial Coin Offering) is a fundraising in which a project issues and sells tokens in exchange for crypto-assets or money.

An IEO (Initial Exchange Offering) is a cryptocurrency launch event hosted by an exchange to distribute and market a new digital currency.

An IP Address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a network, identifying it for communication purposes.

An indicator is a technical-analysis tool that processes historical price or volume data to describe a market's past behaviour.

Inflation signifies the gradual increase in market or currency prices, impacting the purchasing power over time.

Interoperability in blockchain refers to exchanging data with other platforms, including different blockchain types and off-chain systems.

KYC (Know Your Customer) is an identity verification process mandated by European regulations for Financial intermediaries.

Layer 2 protocols operate on top of an existing blockchain to enhance network scalability and efficiency, improving transaction speeds.

A Limit Order is executed only when the cryptocurrency reaches a predetermined price, specifying exact buy or sell conditions.

Liquid Proof-of-Stake is a variant of Proof-of-Stake where staked tokens remain liquid and readily accessible for transactions.

Liquid staking is a form of staking that issues a token representing the locked assets, which can be used while the assets remain locked.

Liquidity measures how easy it is to convert a cryptocurrency or financial instrument into fiat currency without affecting its value.

A listing is the addition of a crypto-asset to a trading platform, making it available for trading by that platform's users.

Market Cap denotes the total market value of all circulating coins or tokens of a particular cryptocurrency.

Market Makers are intermediaries who buy and sell large quantities of an asset to facilitate its liquidity and ensure market depth.

A market mover is an event, a piece of data or an entity able to significantly influence the price movements of a market.

A Market Order is executed instantly at the next available best market price for buying or selling cryptocurrencies.

Market Trend signifies the prevailing direction of financial markets, identified over a substantial duration for investment analysis.

Metadata is a type of data that provides essential information about other data, enhancing its context, usability, and organisation.

The metaverse is a set of shared, three-dimensional virtual environments in which users interact through avatars and digital objects.

Mining involves solving complex cryptographic challenges to create new blocks on a blockchain, earning cryptocurrency rewards.

A Mining Pool is a collective that combines multiple miners' computational power to enhance cryptocurrency mining efficiency.

Mining difficulty reflects the complexity of the cryptographic problems that must be solved to mine a block in networks like Bitcoin.

Minting is the process of creating new tokens or NFTs and permanently recording them on a blockchain through smart contracts.

Modularity in software development focuses on creating flexible systems by segmenting components for easier management and adaptation.

The term 'Moon' describes a rapid and significant surge in a cryptocurrency's price, indicating bullish market sentiment.

A Multisig (Multi-signature) wallet requires multiple private keys to authorize cryptocurrency transactions, enhancing security.

A mutual fund pools the capital of several investors to invest it in a managed portfolio of financial instruments and assets.

An NFT, or Non-Fungible Token, represents a unique digital item or asset recorded and verified on a blockchain.

NFT Domains are unique, decentralised internet domains, managed by smart contracts and recorded on a blockchain.

The Network in blockchain refers to the interconnected system of computers, or nodes, supporting the operations of a cryptocurrency.

Neural Networks are advanced computational models that mimic the workings of the human brain, often used in artificial intelligence.

A Node refers to a computer connected to a blockchain network, playing a crucial role in processing and validating transactions.

A non-custodial wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet where the owner maintains complete control over their private keys.

Off-chain transactions refer to activities conducted outside the blockchain, enhancing speed and reducing congestion.

On-chain activities are those executed and recorded on the blockchain, ensuring transparency and permanence of the data.

Open-source software offers publicly accessible source code, allowing collaborative use, modification, and distribution.

An Oracle is a blockchain mechanism providing external, verified data to smart contracts for accurate and reliable execution.

The order book shows the demand and supply on an exchange, listing prices at which users are willing to buy and sell certain amounts.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks facilitate direct user data exchange, bypassing the need for centralised intermediaries.

In trading, a Pair involves two currencies exchanged against each other, commonly seen on cryptocurrency and forex exchanges.

Parameters are variables defining rules and conditions for trading operations, which vary by trading strategy.

A market in which contracts are traded whose value depends on the outcome of a future, uncertain event.

Price action refers to the movement and behaviour of a financial instrument's price over time, used for predictive analysis in trading.

A private key is a secret code that allows you to access your crypto-assets and to authorise transactions from a wallet.

Proof-of-Stake is a consensus mechanism in which the validation of blocks is based on the crypto-assets put into staking.

Proof-of-work is a blockchain consensus mechanism relying on miners' computational power to validate transactions and create blocks.

A public key is a code, derived from the private key, that allows you to receive crypto-assets and to verify signatures.

A pullback is a temporary price movement that goes against the main trend, usually followed by a resumption of that trend.

Pump&Dump is a manipulative market strategy that artificially inflates cryptocurrency prices for the benefit of the initiators.

Purchasing power refers to the quantity and quality of goods and services that can be acquired with a given amount of money.

Pure Proof-of-Stake is a consensus model where validators are selected randomly and anonymously, using Verifiable Random Functions (VRF).

ROI, or Return on Investment, quantifies the performance of an investment by comparing profits to its original cost.

A rally is a phase of rapid and marked rising prices in a market, occurring over a relatively short and limited period of time.

Registrars are organizations responsible for the registration and management of domain names on the internet.

Registries are organizations overseeing the administration and management of top-level domain information on the internet.

Relative Strength is a technical analysis tool comparing the price performance of two cryptocurrencies to evaluate their market strength.

Royalties are payments made to the creators of NFTs for each subsequent sale, providing ongoing compensation.

The SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) is the federal authority that oversees the securities markets in the United States.

Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator(s) of Bitcoin, remains a mystery with no known true identity and no current online presence.

Scarcity defines the limited availability of an asset, directly influencing its market demand and perceived value.

A Seed Phrase is a series of 12 or 24 words used to recover access to a cryptocurrency wallet, acting as a backup tool.

In blockchain, Shard refers to a network subdivision that enhances transaction processing efficiency and overall network scalability.

Slippage is the variation between a trade's expected and executed price, often occurring in fast-moving or illiquid markets.

A smart contract is a program that runs automatically on a blockchain when the predefined conditions written in its code are met.

Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies whose value is pegged to stable assets like fiat currencies or precious metals, aiming to reduce volatility.

The Stake represents the total cryptocurrency users are currently staking within a blockchain network to gain rewards.

Staking is the locking of crypto-assets to help secure a Proof-of-Stake blockchain, in exchange for variable, protocol-dependent rewards.

A staking derivative is a token representing staked crypto-assets and their rewards, which can be used while staking is active.

A staking pool is a set of crypto-assets staked by several participants in order to validate blocks and share the resulting rewards.

Stocks are financial instruments representing ownership shares in a company, entitling holders to a portion of the corporate profits.

A Stop Order is a conditional trade tool in markets, allowing investors to buy or sell assets when prices reach a set level.

Structured data refers to information that is highly organised in a way that is easily searchable and algorithmically manageable.

Supply and demand are fundamental economic forces determining the price and availability of goods and services in the market.

Support and resistance are reference price levels in technical analysis at which a price movement tends to slow down or reverse.

Swap is the exchange of one crypto token for another via a decentralised platform, enabling seamless asset conversion.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the fundamental communication protocol set that enables internet functionality.

The Top-Level Domain (TLD) is the highest part of the domain name structure, appearing at the end of web addresses.

Le TVL (Total Value Locked) est la valeur totale des crypto-actifs verrouillés dans un protocole de finance décentralisée à un instant donné.

A Testnet is a trial blockchain network used for testing new applications and features, offering a risk-free environment for development.

A Token is a digital asset created on an existing blockchain, representing value or utility within its native ecosystem.

The YNG token is the utility crypto-asset of the Young Platform ecosystem, with functions linked to its products and services.

Tokenomics involves the economic rules and models governing the issuing, distributing, and using a digital project's tokens.

Total supply is the entirety of tokens or coins that have been created or issued by a cryptocurrency project up to date.

Trading is the activity of buying and selling instruments or assets, including crypto-assets, based on price movements over time.

A Transaction is a formal agreement involving the exchange of assets, value, or data between digital or physical entities.

Transactions per second (TPS) measures the processing speed of a blockchain network, indicating its efficiency and scalability.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique string of characters that provides the address of a specific resource on the World Wide Web.

A UTXO is the residual, spendable amount of crypto-assets resulting from a transaction, used by blockchains such as Bitcoin.

Utility Tokens are specialised cryptocurrencies that grant holders access to services and benefits, within a blockchain ecosystem.

Virtual Currency is a legal term encompassing digital currencies, including cryptocurrencies, used in various financial transactions.

Volatility in finance refers to the extent of price fluctuations a financial instrument experiences over a period.

Volume indicates the total amount of a cryptocurrency traded within a specific time frame, reflecting market activity.

A Wallet is a digital software designed for securely sending, receiving, and storing various cryptocurrencies.

The Wallet address is a unique string of characters identifying a cryptocurrency wallet for transactions and asset management.

Web 3.0 is the vision of a decentralised, interoperable web, based on blockchain, in which users control their own personal data.

Web3 is an evolution of the web, built on blockchain and decentralisation, where users control their own data and digital assets.

A White paper is a detailed document used by crypto projects to outline their technological innovations and proposals.

In blockchain, a Whitelist is an exclusive list of addresses granted early access to participate in ICOs or to purchase NFT collections.

A Wrapped Token represents the value of one crypto on a different blockchain standard, facilitating cross-chain transactions and usage.

Yield farming is the use of crypto-assets in DeFi protocols to obtain variable rewards, for example by providing liquidity.

Young Platform Clubs are tiers of the programme, linked to the YNG token, that provide access to ecosystem benefits.